Construction project management Archives - OnlineEngineeringNotes https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/category/construction-project-management/ A Complete Guide to future Engineers Tue, 15 Apr 2025 08:57:35 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8 Environmental Health and Safety in Construction https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/15/environmental-health-and-safety-in-construction/ https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/15/environmental-health-and-safety-in-construction/#respond Tue, 15 Apr 2025 08:57:35 +0000 https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/?p=1702 1.1 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Causes of accident in construction projects: 1. Physical cause 2. Physiological cause 3. Psychological cause Minimizing the construction accident: 1.2 Safety Planning Steps in safety planning: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Training to improve safety standard at construction site: Role of safety engineer: 1.3 Maintenance Importance: Objective of maintenance management: ... Read more

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1.1 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS)
  • EHS stands for Environmental, Health, Safety which aims to prevent accident, minimize health hazard and protect surrounding from construction impact.

Causes of accident in construction projects:

1. Physical cause

  • Malfunctioning or poorly maintained equipment.
  • Uneven terrain or unstable structure.
  • Absence of proper safety equipment.
  •  Lack of lighting.
  • Improper lifting and moving of material.

2. Physiological cause

  • Poor eyesight
  • Poor health
  • Over work
  • Old age

3. Psychological cause

  • Mental tension and stress.
  • Lack of training.
  • Overconfidence.
  • Fear.

Minimizing the construction accident:

  • Provide safety training.
  • Equipment maintenance.
  • Safety gear.
  • Emergency plans.
  • Health checkups.
  • Keep workspace clean.
  • Appropriate supervision.

1.2 Safety Planning

  • Involves planning strategies and measure to ensure the well-being of workers and minimize risks at a construction site.

Steps in safety planning:

  • Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazard.
  • Safety policies: Develop clear safety guideline and protocols.
  • Training: Provide safety training.
  • Supervision: Assign responsible personnel to oversee safety measure.
  • Regular inspection: Conduct routine checks to identify and rectify risks.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

  • Gear that worker wear to stay safe from risk related jobs to protect from physical harm.

Training to improve safety standard at construction site:

  • Induction: New workers learn site rules and safety basics.
  • Tool box talk: Short meeting discuss daily, safety tips.
  • Skill training: Workers learn to use equipment safety.

Role of safety engineer:

  • Risk assessment: Identify potential hazard on site.
  • Safety plans: Developing and implementing safety procedures.
  • Training: Educating workers about safety protocols.
  • Accident investigation: Analyzing incidents for prevention.
  • Inspection: Regularly checking for safety compliance.

1.3 Maintenance

  • Maintenance involves regular checks, repair and prevent deterioration.

Importance:

  • Prevent accidents.
  • Extends lifespan of asset.
  • Cost saves.
  • Increase efficiency.
  • Value preservation.

Objective of maintenance management:

  • Minimize expenses.
  • Ensure safety.
  • Extend machinery lifespan.
  • Increase Performance of equipment
  • Effective resource utilization.

Types of Maintenance:

1. Planned Maintenance:

  • Preventive Maintenance: Schedule check to prevent failure.
  • Corrective Maintenance: Repairing after failure occurs.
  • Routine Maintenance: Regular, simple upkeep tasks.

2. Unplanned Maintenance:

  • Emergency: Urgent repair to prevent hazard.

Maintenance Planning:

  • Scheduling
  • Resource allocation
  • Task prioritization
  • Documentation
  • Budgeting
  • Historical analysis.
  • Coordination

Issue of project maintenance in Nepal:

  • Limited resource
  • Lack of awareness
  • Political instability
  • Insufficient funds
  • Technology gap
  • Difficult location
  • Lack of sustainable project

1.4 Organization and Management

Definition:

Organization: A group of people which works under an executive leadership.

Management: Art of using available resource optimally to achieve the desired goals.

Principles of Management:

  • Division of work: Breaking tasks into smaller, specialized parts for efficiency.
  • Authority and Responsibility: Assigning tasks and holding individual accountable.
  • Discipline: Following rules and guideline for orderly work.
  • Unity of command: Each worker report to only one supervisor.
  • Unity of direction: Aligning efforts towards common objective.
  • Order: Organizing resource and task for smooth operation.
  • Equity: Treating all employees fairly.

Types of organization:

1. Line organization

  • Clear hierarchy with direct reporting.
  • Simple, quick decision making.
  • Limited specialization.

2. Line and staff organization

  • Dual authority structure.
  • Access to expert advice.
  • Potential conflict between staff.

3. Functional organization

  • Grouping by specialized functions.
  • Efficient use of specialized skill.
  • Communication barrier between function.

4. Project organization

  • Temporary teams for specific projects.
  • Flexibility and innovation for project.
  • Complexity in managing multiple project.

Leadership & Motivation:

Leadership

  • Directing and inspiring a team towards goals.
  • Guides teamwork, boosts morale and achieve success.

Motivation

  • Encouraging interest and effort in tasks.
  • Enhances performance, job satisfaction and result.

Project communication:

  • Sharing information among team member for effective coordination and progress.
  • Keeps team member informed.
  • Involves all parties for project success.

Meaning and importance of HRM (Human Resource Management):

  • Managing people within an organization for optimal performance.
  • Hiring the right people for right roles.
  • Enhancing skill and career growth.
  • Creating a positive and motivated environment.

Recruitment, selection & training:

Recruitment: Attracting potential employees to apply for job position.

Selection: Choosing the most suitable candidates for the roles.

Training: Developing employee’s abilities.

Trade union in Nepal:

  • Represent employees interest and right.
  • Ensure compliance with labor laws and regulations.
  • Addresses worker issues.

Reference:

 Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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Quality Control and Assurance in Construction https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/15/quality-control-assurance-construction/ https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/15/quality-control-assurance-construction/#respond Tue, 15 Apr 2025 07:17:24 +0000 https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/?p=1696 1.1 Introduction to quality control/assurance Quality control Quality assurance Monitoring and inspecting the final product. Ensuring quality throughout the entire process. Identify and improve defect. Prevent the defect. Limited to final product. Covers entire production control. Improves final products quality. Ensure consistent quality in production. Testing car brakes before delivery. Ensure manufacturing process meets specification. ... Read more

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1.1 Introduction to quality control/assurance
Quality controlQuality assurance
Monitoring and inspecting the final product.Ensuring quality throughout the entire process.
Identify and improve defect.Prevent the defect.
Limited to final product.Covers entire production control.
Improves final products quality.Ensure consistent quality in production.
Testing car brakes before delivery.Ensure manufacturing process meets specification.

1.2 Objective of QC/QA

  • Compliance with standards: Ensure products meet established standard and specification.
  • Defect prevention: Identify and rectify defects to improve products quality.
  • Customer satisfaction: Deliver products meet customer expectation.
  • Cost control: Minimize expenses.
  • Risk mitigation: Reduce chances of project failure.

1.3 Factors affecting quality of construction

  • Design
  • Material selection
  • Workmanship
  • Weather condition
  • Equipment condition
  • Site management
  • Regulations

1.4 Quality control technique

  • Inspection: Detailed examination to identify defects.
  • Testing: Evaluating products performance standards.
  • Statical process control (SPC): Monitoring using data.
  • Root cause analysis: Identifying underlying issues.
  • Lean construction: Reducing waste to enhance quality.

1.5 Preparing QC plans

  • Preparing QC plan: Developing plan to ensure quality standard are met.
  • Approval of material source: Verifying supplies and source meet quality criteria.
  • Material sampling: Collecting representative samples for testing.
  • On-site laboratory testing: Testing material using an on site lab for immediate results.
  • Off-site laboratory testing: Sending samples to external labs for in-depth analysis.

1.6 Material Management

  • Material management involves planning, storing, distributing and controlling materials used in construction project to ensure efficient usage, minimize waste and meet project goal.

Importance:

  • Minimize wastage
  • Quality control
  • Risk reduction
  • Budget control
  • Client satisfaction

Purchase management:

  • Project of acquiring goods and services needed for a project.
  • Ensure timely availability of required material.
  • Establish relationship with reliable suppliers.

Inventory management:

  • Involves tracking and controlling the stock of materials, components and product to ensure adequate supply while minimizing shortage.
  • Prevent shortage.
  • Maintain transparency.

Construction garbage:

  • Waste generated during construction activities.
  • Minimize environment impact through waste management.

Surplus material:

  • Excess materials or left over after construction which may not be used for project.

Material management flow chart for mega project

Factors affecting construction site planning:

  • Site condition: Terrain, soil type and environmental factors.
  • Access: Availability of road and transportation.
  • Utilities: Access of water, electricity.
  • Safety: Measure of worker safety.
  • Cost: Budget influence site design and layout.
  • Project scope: Nature and size of construction project.
  • Project schedule: Timeline and sequencing activities.

Sample of site layout plan:

Reference:

 Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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Construction Plant and Equipment in Engineering https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/09/construction-plant-and-equipment-in-engineering/ https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/09/construction-plant-and-equipment-in-engineering/#respond Wed, 09 Apr 2025 08:56:09 +0000 https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/?p=1692 1.1 Introduction to construction tools, machines, plants and equipment 1.2 Advantage of using construction equipment 1.3 Equipment for excavation, transportation and compaction Equipment for excavation: 1. Dozer 2. Excavator 3. Scrappers 4. Grader 5. Dragline Equipment for Transportation: 1. Trucks 2. Mini Dumper 3. Rail wagons 4. Belt conveyor 5. Ropeway Equipment for Compaction: 1. ... Read more

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1.1 Introduction to construction tools, machines, plants and equipment
  • Construction Tools:
    Small hand-held devices used to perform specific tasks (e.g., hammer, trowel, spade).
  • Construction Machines:
    Powered devices that perform large-scale tasks efficiently (e.g., excavator, bulldozer).
  • Construction Plants:
    Permanent or semi-permanent setups used for production (e.g., concrete batching plant, asphalt plant).
  • Construction Equipment:
    A broad term covering both tools and machines used for construction works.
  • Purpose:
    To improve work speed, accuracy, and safety in construction projects.
  • Benefits:
    Reduces labor effort, increases productivity, and ensures quality.

1.2 Advantage of using construction equipment

  • Equipment speed up tasks, saving time and effort.
  • Wastage of material is less.
  • Reduce manual labor and risk of injuries.
  • Delivers high quality results.
  • Reduce project duration.
  • Large and complex work can be carried easily.
  • Reduce labor cost.

1.3 Equipment for excavation, transportation and compaction

Equipment for excavation:

1. Dozer

  • Used to move earth and debris.
  • Equipment with large front blade for levelling and clearing.

2. Excavator

  • Digs, lift and move soil and material.
  • Use a bucket attached to a hydraulic arm to do task.

3. Scrappers

  • Use to more or removal gravel.

4. Grader

  • Loads material like soil, gravel and sand into tracks.
  • Equipment with a front bucket for efficient loading.

5. Dragline

  • Heavy duty excavator used in deep excavation.
  • Utilizes a dragline for digging and hauling.

Equipment for Transportation:

1. Trucks

  • Used for transporting construction material.
  • Haul material and goods on road.

2. Mini Dumper

  • Small vehicle for carrying loads on construction site.
  • Suitable for moving materials in confined space.

3. Rail wagons

  • Transport goods and material on railway track.
  • Efficient for bulk movement over longer distance.

4. Belt conveyor

  • Moves material continuously on a belt.
  • Used for transporting material within a facility.

5. Ropeway

  • Aerial transportation system using cable.
  • Transport material across challenging terrain.

Equipment for Compaction:

1. Smooth wheel roller

  • Make surface smooth and solid.
  • Good for road pavement.

2. Sheep footed roller

  • Stamp soil with feet for compactness.
  • Works on sticky soil.

3. Vibrating roller

  • Shakes to press soil and asphalt.
  • Best for sand and asphalt.

4. Pneumatic tired roller

  • Compressor with rubber tyre.
  • Great for different soil.

5. Rammer

  • Hand tool for pressing soil in small areas.
  • Useful in tight space.

1.4 Aggregate handling equipment

1. Crushing plants

  • A facility that breaks down large rocks into smaller sizes.
  • Involves various machine like jaw crusher, cone crusher and impact crusher.

2. Screening plants

  • Used to separate different sized material.
  • Includes revolving screens and vibrating screens.

1.5 Concrete batching, mixing and compacting equipment

Equipment for concrete batching:

  • Manual
  • Semi-automatic
  • Fully-automatic

Equipment for concrete mixing:

  • Tilting type mixer: Suitable for small to medium batches.
  • Pan mixer: Suitable for small batches.
  • Non-tilting type mixer: Used in large batches.
  • Transit mixer: Vehicle transport ready-mixed concrete.

Equipment for concrete compaction:

  • Internal vibrator: Remove air bubbles from wet concrete.
  • Plate vibrator: Compress soil and concrete.
  • Vibrating screen: Separates aggregate in concrete.
  • Form vibrator: Ensure even concrete distribution in formwork.
  • Concrete roller: Compacts and finish concrete surface.

1.6 Pile foundation construction equipment

  • Pile driver: Drives pile into the ground using impact or vibration.
  • Drilling rigs: Creates boreholes.
  • Auger: Removes soil during drilling for piles.
  • Pile extractor: Remove piles from ground.
  • Pile load tester: Tests load bearing capacity of piles.

1.7 Equipment for construction of caisson foundation

  • Caisson rig: Drilling equipment used for creating caissons.
  • Caisson grab: Used to remove soil.
  • Caisson pump: Transfer concrete in caisson holes.
  • Dewatering pump: Removes water.
  • Caisson vibration: Ensure proper compaction.

1.8 Criteria for selection of equipment

  • Purpose
  • Capacity
  • Efficiency
  • Cost
  • Availability
  • Safety
  • Operator skill
  • Environmental impact
  • Maintenance
  • Compatibility

1.9 Equipment for lifting of materials and parts

  • Crane: Lifts heavy materials and equipment.
  • Hoist: Loads vertically using a pulley system.
  • Forklift: Lift and moves material on pallets.
  • Aerial lift: Lift workers and material up.
  • Chain-block: Hand-operated device for lifting heavy load.

2.0 Tunneling Equipment

1. Tunnel boring machine (TBM): Excavates tunnel by drilling and removing soil.

2. Rock drills: Break through hard rock.

3. Ventilation system: Provides fresh air.

2.1 Equipment for hydraulic construction

  • Excavator: Dig trench and channel.
  • Dredger: Removes sediment.
  • Hydraulic hammer: Breaks rock and concrete.
  • Water pump: Manage water levels.
  • Hydraulic crane: Lifts heavy material.

2.2 Equipment for highway pavement construction

  • Paver: Spread asphalt and concrete.
  • Roller: Compacts layer.
  • Grader: Level the road bed.
  • Asphalt distributor: Spray asphalt evenly.
  • Road sweeper: Clean debris from road.

Reference:

 Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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Contract Administration in Construction: Methods, Contracts, Tendering, PPMO, FIDIC, and Site Supervision https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/08/contract-administration-in-construction-methods-contracts-tendering-ppmo-fidic-and-site-supervision/ https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/08/contract-administration-in-construction-methods-contracts-tendering-ppmo-fidic-and-site-supervision/#respond Tue, 08 Apr 2025 11:08:46 +0000 https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/?p=1688 1.1 Method of work execution S/N Procurement Method Contract Size Contractor 1 Sealed Bidding     a ICB Greater than 5 Billion NPR International or Nepali b NCB/LCB More than 20 Lakh to 5 Arab Nepali   2 Sealed Quotation Upto 20 Lakh All 3 Direct Procurement Upto 5 to 10 Lakh All 4 Force ... Read more

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1.1 Method of work execution
  • Refers to approach or strategy used to carry out tasks and activities in project.
  • Method of work execution depends on project nature, resource and objective.
S/NProcurement MethodContract SizeContractor
1Sealed Bidding  
aICBGreater than 5 Billion NPRInternational or Nepali
bNCB/LCBMore than 20 Lakh to 5 ArabNepali
 
2Sealed QuotationUpto 20 LakhAll
3Direct ProcurementUpto 5 to 10 LakhAll
4Force AccountUpto 1 LakhNone
5Procurement Under Special CircumstanceEmergency/ Special CircumstancesDepends on Contract amount
6Beneficiaries CommunityUpto 5 CroreCompletion is made

1. Sealed Bidding:

a. International competitive bidding (ICB): Global suppliers compete

b. National/Local competitive bidding (NCB/LCB): Local supplies compete.

2. Sealed Quotation: Supplies provide price for project goods or service.

3. Direct Procurement: Purchasing from a single supplier without competition.

4. Procurement under special circumstances: Non-competitive method for emergencies.

5. Force Account: Project owner’s team perform tasks.

6. Beneficiaries community: Local community involvement in project execution.

1.2 Contract-definition

  • Contract is a formal agreement between parties that outlines obligation and rights.

Importance:

  • Establish a shared understanding of what is expected from each party.
  • Protect interest and right of all parties involved.
  • Ensure financial security and business confidence.
  • Minimize dispute.
  • Provide legal protection.

1.3 Types of construction contract

1. Unit price contract:

  • Contractor is paid based on quantities of work at predetermined unit price.

Advantages:

  • Flexible for varying work amount.
  • Easy to measure work progress.

Disadvantages:

  • Final Cost uncertainties.
  • Potential for disputes over quantities.

2. Lump sum contract:

  • Contractor agrees to a fixed sum for completing the entire project.

Advantages:

  • Clear cost and scope.
  • Low owner risk.

Disadvantages:

  • Limited flexibility for changes.
  • Potential dispute over scope changes.

3. Cost plus contract:

  • Contractor is paid for actual cost plus a free.

Advantages:

  • Transparency in costs.
  • Flexible for changes.

Disadvantages:

  • Uncertain in final cost.
  • Potential for higher expenses.

4. Design and Build Contract:

  • Contractor handles both design and construction responsibilities.

Advantages:

  • Faster delivery.
  • Streamlined process.

Disadvantages:

  • Limited owner design control.
  • Potential conflict.

5. EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract:

  • Contractor handles engineering, procurement and construction.

Advantages:

  • Single responsibility.
  • Suitable for complex projects.

Disadvantage:

  • Higher cost.
  • Potential for dispute.

6. BOOT (Build Own Operate Transfer) contract:

  • Contractor builds, operate and transfer ownership after a specified period.

Advantages:

  • Private financing and operation.
  • Risk transferred to contractor.

Disadvantages:

  • Limited control for owner.
  • Higher cost to end user.

1.4 Tender and tender documents

Tender:

  • It is an offer or proposal submitted by a contractor or supplier in response to an invitation to bid for a project.
  • Contractor or suppliers compete by providing their best price and terms to win the project contract.

Tender document: (Bidding document)

  • It is the detailed instruction and information provided to potential contractors for submitting tenders.
  • It includes:
    • Notice of invitation for bids
    • Letter for invitation for bids
    • Project description
    • Instruction to bidders
    • Bid submission requirement
    • Technical specification
    • Contract terms

1.5 Tender notice

  • Public announcement issued by an organization or government agency to invite potential contractor suppliers to submit their bids or proposal for a specific project or service.
  • Information in Tender notice:
    • Date, time and place of tender
    • Name of authorities inviting tender
    • Nature of work and its location
    • Tender deadline
    • Eligibility criteria
    • Contact details
    • Bid submission information

1.6 Preparation before inviting tender

  • Project preparation: Define project need and requirement.
  • Estimating quantities: Calculate required materials and resource.
  • Cost estimate: Determine the projects overall cost.
  • Approval of estimate: Get approval for the cost calculation.
  • Resource planning: Plan and allocate necessary resource.
  • Tender document preparation: Create detailed tender document with project information.

1.7 Consultant’s/Contractor’s prequalification

  • Prequalification is a selection process where potential consultants or contractor are evaluated based on their qualification, experience and financial capacity before being invited to bid for a project.

Matters to be stated in prequalification documents:

  • Company information: Name, address, contact and legal status of the consultant/contractor.
    • Experience and track record: Details of past project and relevant work completed.
    • Financial statement: Proof of financial stability and capacity to handle the project.
    • Technical capacities: Description of expertise and available resource.
    • Reference: Client feedback to verify past performance and reputation.

Advantages:

  • Ensures qualified and experienced candidate.
  • Saves time in evaluating irrelevant proposals.

Disadvantages:

  • Reduce competition.
  • Increases administrative workload.

1.8 Bid evaluation and selection of a consultant and contractor

Bid Evaluation:

  • Process of selecting most suitable and qualified bidder for project based on predefined evaluation criteria.

Steps of Bid Evaluation:

  • Opening of Bid: Publicly reveal and record submitted bids.
  • Preliminary Examination: Review bids for clear information and meeting basic requirement.
  • Prequalification Check: Verify bidder’s qualification and eligibility.
  • Detail Evaluation: Evaluate technical and financial aspect of bids using predefined criteria.

1.9 Contract agreement

A written document that explains the terms and condition of an agreement between parties.

2.0 Condition of contract (PPMO and FIDIC)

  • The terms and provision that governs the right, obligations and responsibilities of parties in a contractual agreement is called condition of contract.

PPMO (Public Procurement Management Office):

  • PPMO is the governing body in Nepal responsible for managing public procurement and setting the contract for government project.
  • Aims for transparency, efficiency and fairness in government projects.

FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers):

  • FIDIC is an international organization that sets standard condition of contract for construction and engineering projects worldwide.
  • Focuses on fair risk allocation and transparency.

2.1 Public Procurement Act and Public Procurement Regulation

Public Procurement Act (PPA):

  • It is a legal framework that governs the procurement process for public projects and services.

Objective:

  • To ensure transparency, fairness in public procurement.
  • To promote completion among bidders.

Feature:

  • Provide rules and guideline for public procurement.
  • Defines procurement method.

Public Procurement Regulation (PPR):

  • It provides detailed guideline and procedure to implement the public procurement act.

Objective:

  • To standardized application of procurement practice.

Feature:

  • Specifies procurement procedure.
  • Bid evaluation.
  • Contract management.

2.2 Duties and responsibilities of a site supervisor

Site Engineer:

  • A professional engineer responsible for managing and supervising construction activities on site.
  • Ensures that the project is executed accordingly to design, quality standard and safety regulation.

Responsibilities of a site supervisor:

1. Quality concerns

  • Ensure construction work meets specified quality standards.
  • Conduct inspection and check quality and fix any issues.
  • Maintain accurate records of quality control measures and improvement.

2. Progress concerns

  • Monitor and track daily progress of construction activities on site.
  • Report progress to project manager.

3. Cost concerns

  • Manage and optimize the use of materials and resource to control costs.
  • Keep track of expenses and budget to avoid over spending.

2.3 Supervising work of a contractor

Works followed for supervision of works of a contractor:

1. Progress of work:

  • Regular monitoring and supervision.
  • Checking schedule periodically.

2. Testing:

  • Works, material & equipment.
  • Testing as per specification and contract.

3. Regular supervision of works:

  • Field supervision.
  • Environmental protection, safety of workers.

2.4 Site order book

  • A record-keeping book used on construction sites to document various instruction, orders and changes issued by the site supervisor or engineer.
  • Helps communicate and track on site decisions to contractor and workers.

2.5 Procedure to prepare bill

  • Bills are the claims for payment of work performed.

Steps to make bill for payment in construction project management:

  • Keep a record of completed work and resource used.
  • Measure the quantities of material and labor.
  • Find the cost for each unit of resource used (Rate analysis).
  • Calculate individual costs by multiplying quantities with rates.
  • Add up all costs for different components (add subtotal).
  • Includes additional expenses like taxes or overhead.
  • Apply any applicable discounts or taxes.
  • Show final bill to client for payment.

2.6 Difference between Running Bill and Final Bill

Running BillFinal Bill
Submitted periodically during the project.Submitted at project completion.
Covers work done upto a certain date.Covers the entire project.
Helps track payment and cost.Provide final financial settlement for project.

2.7 Muster roll, Measurement books

Muster Roll:

  • Used for keeping a complete record of attendance, payment made, unpaid wages and work done by daily labor.
  • It has three parts:

Part I: Detailed information of labor engaged, attendance, rate

Part II: Record of unpaid wages.

Part III: Record of completed works.

Measurement Books:

  • Used on construction sites to document the measurement of completed work and resource used.
  • Feature:
    • Contains details of work and date.
    • All measurement is recorded in ink.
    • Quantity of work done is recorded.

2.8 Progress reporting

  • Regular updates on the status of project tasks.
  • Includes completed tasks, milestone reached and challenged encountered.
  • Gives information for making adjustment and strategic decision.

Reference:

 Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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Project and Program Management in Engineering https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/08/project-program-management-engineering/ https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/2025/04/08/project-program-management-engineering/#respond Tue, 08 Apr 2025 06:13:24 +0000 https://onlineengineeringnotes.com/?p=1681 1.1 Difference between project and program Project Program A temporary activity with a specific goal, scope and resources to deliver or create a unique output within a defined timeframe. A collection of related projects managed and coordinated to achieve strategic objective. Limited scope with defined start and end dates. Broader in scope, involving multiple interconnected ... Read more

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1.1 Difference between project and program
ProjectProgram
A temporary activity with a specific goal, scope and resources to deliver or create a unique output within a defined timeframe.A collection of related projects managed and coordinated to achieve strategic objective.
Limited scope with defined start and end dates.Broader in scope, involving multiple interconnected projects.
Short-term duration (Month to Year).Long-term duration involving several phases.
Independent from other project.Interdependent project, sharing resource and objective.
Project specific resources.Shared resources across the project.
Managed by individual project manager.Managed by multiple project manager.
Example: Building house or bridge.Example: Developing housing community.

1.2 Characteristics of project and program

  • Temporary: Project have a clear beginning and end.
  • Unique: Each project is different and has specific goals.
  • Defined scope: Project have clear boundaries and objective.
  • Resources: Project requires people, material and tools.
  • Goal oriented: Project aim to achieve specific outcomes.
  • Cross-functional: Involves people from different area.
  • Stakeholder: Involve people with an interest in project.
  • Integration: Different task are coordinated together.
  • Constraints: Project are limited by time, cost and quality.
  • Uncertainty: Project may face risk and unknowns.

1.3 Project life cycle

1. Conceptualization/Formulation phase

  • Ideas are brainstormed and evaluated to decide if the project is worth pursuing.
  • Rough plans are sketch out to see if the project is feasible.
  • Project objective, scope and initial plan are developed.

2. Design and development/Planning phase

  • Detailed project plan is created.
  • Tasks, timeline and resource are defined.
  • Risk analysis and mitigation strategies are developed.
  • Project team is assembled and roles are assigned.

3. Execution/Implementation phase

  • Actual work on the project begins.
  • Project team carries out the planned tasks and activities.
  • Project progress is monitored and adjustment are made if needed.

4. Finish/Terminating phase

  • Closing phase of project.
  • Project is formally closed and resources are released.
  • Lessons learned are documented for future improvements.

1.4 Introduction to planning, monitoring and control

  • Project planning: Process of defining project goals, creating a detailed roadmap.
  • Monitoring: Involves continuously tracking the progress of task and activities.
  • Control: Corrective action to keep the project on track.

1.5 Introduction to project planning tools

1. Gantt chart (Bar Chart)
  • It is a visual tool that shows the timeline of a projects tasks and activities.
  • Use horizontal bars to represent each task and their start and end dates.
  • Helps in scheduling, organizing and tracking project progress easily.

Use of Gantt chart for project planning and monitoring:

  • Task scheduling: Helps to create a timeline of task.
  • Dependencies: Shows which task need others to be done first (predecessor task).
  • Resource management: Helps to allocate resource effectively.
  • Critical path: Identifies the most critical tasks that could delay whole project.
  • Track progress: Helps monitor task completion and overall progress.

Resource planning and leveling by using Gantt chart:

  • Resource allocation: Helps to assign task to people and equipment.
  • Avoid overloading: Prevent giving too much work to one person.
  • Available resource: Show when resource is free to new tasks.
  • Balancing workload: Distribute work evenly among team member.
  • Resolve conflict: Resolves resource conflict between tasks.
2. Critical path method (CPM)
  • Project planning tool used to identify the sequence of tasks that determines project overall duration.

Use of CPM network for project planning and monitoring:

  • Identifying critical tasks: Helps to identify critical tasks that directly impacts project duration.
  • Efficient schedule: Helps create an optimized and realistic project timeline.
  • Early warning: Warns potential delay, allowing timely action.
  • Progress tracking: Monitors task completion to keep the project on track.
  • Project control: Helps manage and control the project progress effectively.
3. Milestone chart
  • It highlights key project events or goals as milestones.
  • Visual way to track progress.
4. Linked Bar chart
  • Display task as bars linked sequence.
  • Shows task duration and dependencies.
5. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
  • Uses network diagram to represent task and their interdependencies.
  • Helps to identify risk in project.
6. Line of Balance
  • Used in projects with repetitive task such as construction.
  • Helps to plan and manage work by balancing resources.

1.6 Earned value analysis (EVA)

  • EVA measures amount of work in terms of cost and time.
  • Helps to predict future project performance based on current trends.
  • Shows project performance insight.

1. BCWS (Budgeted cost of work scheduled)

  • Planned cost for work scheduled to be completed.
  • Shows budgeted value for work.

2. ACWP (Actual cost of work performed)

  • Actual cost incurred in completing work to a specific date.
  • Shows actual expenses spent on complete work.

3. BCWP (Budgeted cost of work performed)

  • Value of the completed work as per the budget.
  • Shows planned cost of work that has been successfully finished.

1.7 Time-cost trade off

It is project management strategy where we decide between completing a project faster or saving cost by extending its duration.

1.8 Introduction to cost-control and technique audit

Cost control:

  • Process of managing and regulating project expenses.
  • Main objective is to ensure project stays within budget and avoid spending.
  • Methods involves:

a. Budget monitoring: Track expenses.

b. Variance analysis: Compare actual cost to planned cost.

Technical auditing:

  • Examination of project activities and outcomes to ensure they meet quality and technical standard.
  • Helps identify issue and improve project.

Reference:

Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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