• Construction Tools:
  Small hand-held devices used to perform specific tasks (e.g., hammer, trowel, spade).
• Construction Machines:
  Powered devices that perform large-scale tasks efficiently (e.g., excavator, bulldozer).
• Construction Plants:
  Permanent or semi-permanent setups used for production (e.g., concrete batching plant, asphalt plant).
• Construction Equipment:
  A broad term covering both tools and machines used for construction works.
• Purpose:
  To improve work speed, accuracy, and safety in construction projects.
• Benefits:
  Reduces labor effort, increases productivity, and ensures quality.

1.2 Advantage of using construction equipment

• Equipment speed up tasks, saving time and effort.
• Wastage of material is less.
• Reduce manual labor and risk of injuries.
• Delivers high quality results.
• Reduce project duration.
• Large and complex work can be carried easily.
• Reduce labor cost.

1.3 Equipment for excavation, transportation and compaction

Equipment for excavation:

1. Dozer

• Used to move earth and debris.
• Equipment with large front blade for levelling and clearing.

2. Excavator

• Digs, lift and move soil and material.
• Use a bucket attached to a hydraulic arm to do task.

3. Scrappers

• Use to more or removal gravel.

4. Grader

• Loads material like soil, gravel and sand into tracks.
• Equipment with a front bucket for efficient loading.

5. Dragline

• Heavy duty excavator used in deep excavation.
• Utilizes a dragline for digging and hauling.

Equipment for Transportation:

1. Trucks

• Used for transporting construction material.
• Haul material and goods on road.

2. Mini Dumper

• Small vehicle for carrying loads on construction site.
• Suitable for moving materials in confined space.

3. Rail wagons

• Transport goods and material on railway track.
• Efficient for bulk movement over longer distance.

4. Belt conveyor

• Moves material continuously on a belt.
• Used for transporting material within a facility.

5. Ropeway

• Aerial transportation system using cable.
• Transport material across challenging terrain.

Equipment for Compaction:

1. Smooth wheel roller

• Make surface smooth and solid.
• Good for road pavement.

2. Sheep footed roller

• Stamp soil with feet for compactness.
• Works on sticky soil.

3. Vibrating roller

• Shakes to press soil and asphalt.
• Best for sand and asphalt.

4. Pneumatic tired roller

• Compressor with rubber tyre.
• Great for different soil.

5. Rammer

• Hand tool for pressing soil in small areas.
• Useful in tight space.

1.4 Aggregate handling equipment

1. Crushing plants

• A facility that breaks down large rocks into smaller sizes.
• Involves various machine like jaw crusher, cone crusher and impact crusher.

2. Screening plants

• Used to separate different sized material.
• Includes revolving screens and vibrating screens.

1.5 Concrete batching, mixing and compacting equipment

Equipment for concrete batching:

• Manual
• Semi-automatic
• Fully-automatic

Equipment for concrete mixing:

• Tilting type mixer: Suitable for small to medium batches.
• Pan mixer: Suitable for small batches.
• Non-tilting type mixer: Used in large batches.
• Transit mixer: Vehicle transport ready-mixed concrete.

Equipment for concrete compaction:

• Internal vibrator: Remove air bubbles from wet concrete.
• Plate vibrator: Compress soil and concrete.
• Vibrating screen: Separates aggregate in concrete.
• Form vibrator: Ensure even concrete distribution in formwork.
• Concrete roller: Compacts and finish concrete surface.

1.6 Pile foundation construction equipment

• Pile driver: Drives pile into the ground using impact or vibration.
• Drilling rigs: Creates boreholes.
• Auger: Removes soil during drilling for piles.
• Pile extractor: Remove piles from ground.
• Pile load tester: Tests load bearing capacity of piles.

1.7 Equipment for construction of caisson foundation

• Caisson rig: Drilling equipment used for creating caissons.
• Caisson grab: Used to remove soil.
• Caisson pump: Transfer concrete in caisson holes.
• Dewatering pump: Removes water.
• Caisson vibration: Ensure proper compaction.

1.8 Criteria for selection of equipment

• Purpose
• Capacity
• Efficiency
• Cost
• Availability
• Safety
• Operator skill
• Environmental impact
• Maintenance
• Compatibility

1.9 Equipment for lifting of materials and parts

• Crane: Lifts heavy materials and equipment.
• Hoist: Loads vertically using a pulley system.
• Forklift: Lift and moves material on pallets.
• Aerial lift: Lift workers and material up.
• Chain-block: Hand-operated device for lifting heavy load.

2.0 Tunneling Equipment

1. Tunnel boring machine (TBM): Excavates tunnel by drilling and removing soil.

2. Rock drills: Break through hard rock.

3. Ventilation system: Provides fresh air.

2.1 Equipment for hydraulic construction

• Excavator: Dig trench and channel.
• Dredger: Removes sediment.
• Hydraulic hammer: Breaks rock and concrete.
• Water pump: Manage water levels.
• Hydraulic crane: Lifts heavy material.

2.2 Equipment for highway pavement construction

• Paver: Spread asphalt and concrete.
• Roller: Compacts layer.
• Grader: Level the road bed.
• Asphalt distributor: Spray asphalt evenly.
• Road sweeper: Clean debris from road.

Reference:

• Harold Kerzner (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling.
• PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) – 7th Edition.
• Nebosh, Nepal Engineering Council Syllabus (2024). Engineering Professional Practice Notes.
• Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (CESMM).
• Personal Class Notes & Presentations from Nepalese Engineering Institutions.

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