Er. Nirdesh Singh Karki 
Various landform on the surface of the earth Mountain Plateaus Shield Mountain• Mountain may be defined as any raised or elevated portion of thelandmass that is higher than the surrounding area.• A long and narrow part of mountain is called Ridge.• Mountains have complex internal structure due to folding, faulting,volcanic activity and igneous intrusion. Mountain … Read more
Hydrogeology The term Hydrogeology (popularly known as Groundwater Hydrology) is branch of geology that deals with comprehensive study the occurrence, distribution, movement, and geological interaction of water in the earth’s crust, especially groundwater. River channel Morphology River channel morphology refers to the channel pattern and channel geometry at several points along a river channel. It … Read more
MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY MINERAL A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually crystalline form(solid) and organic(abiogenic) in origin. There are many varieties of mineral which are found in earth they are identified by observing their physical, chemical, optical and other properties. Mineralogy is the branch of geology which does the details study of various … Read more
Internal Structure of the Earth The interior structure of the Earth, similar to the outer, is layered. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. The earth has an outer silicate solid crust a highly viscous mantle a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and … Read more
Strain energy and Complementary Strain Energy When an elastic member is deformed under the action of an external loading the member is said to have possessed or stored energy which is called strain energy. The strain energy stored by a member so deformed is equal to the amount of work done by the external forces … Read more
Types of structure The types of structure on the basic of materials used as follow: Steel structure Concrete structure Masonry structure Wooden structure Plastic structure Structural Mechanics Structure mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces and motion of structural system. It is the computation of deformations, deflections and of structural system. It … Read more
Definition of surveying: Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of distinctive feature on the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth, by means of measurements of distances, directions and elevations. The branch of surveying which deals with the measurements of relative heights of different points on the surface … Read more
Introduction to open channel flow and its practical application: Open channel flow is defined as the flow of a liquid with a free surface i.e. surface having constant pressure such as atmospheric pressure. Rivers, streams, canals and irrigation ditches are the example of open channel flow. Difference between open channel and pipe flows: Open channel … Read more
Buoyancy: When a body is immersed in fluid an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body. This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body is called the force of buoyancy or buoyancy. Center of Buoyancy: It is defined as the point through which the force … Read more
What is Total pressure force and Center pressure force? Total pressure: Total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface either plane or curved when the fluid comes in contact with the surface. This force always acts normal to the surface. Centre of pressure: Centre of pressure is defined … Read more