1.1 Element of lateral load resisting masonry system Elements of lateral load resisting masonry system are: 1.2 In – plane and out of plane behavior of masonry wall In – plane failure: Modes: a. Sliding shear: b. Shear failure: c. Bending failure: Out plane failure: Mode: a. Topping failure: b. Over turning failure: 1.3 Failure … Read more
1.1 Composition of masonry and different types masonry unit Merits: Demerits: Types of masonry unit: 1. Brick masonry: 2. Stone masonry: 3. Concrete block: 4. Glass block: 5. AAC (Autoclaved aerated concrete) block: Types of brick wall: a. Stretcher bond: b. Header bond: c. English bond: d. Flemish bond: e. Zigzag bond: 1.2 Types of … Read more
1.1 Various strength of concrete 1. Tensile strength: Tensile strength (Fct) = 0.35 (Fck)1/2 Where, Fck = Characteristics compressive strength 2. Compressive strength: 3. Shear strength: 4. Bond strength: 1.2 Compressive, tensile and bond strength tests Compressive strength tests: 1. Cube test: Compressive strength of concrete = Force at failure / Area 2. Cylinder test: … Read more
1.1 Light weight concrete Mixture made with light weight coarse aggregate such as shale, clay or silt giving low density. The density of light weight aggregate is less than 1200 kg/m3. Merits: Minimize the dead load of the building. Simple to handle which decrease the cost of transportation. Enhances workability. Thermal conductivity decreases. Stronger and … Read more
1.1 Deformation of hardened concrete moduli of elasticity Deformation of hardened concrete: Following strains are responsible for the deformation of concrete: a. Elastic strain: Instantaneous deformation that occurs when an external stress is first applied. b. Shrinkage strain: Deformation that occurs due to the loss of moisture from concrete. c. Creep strain: Deformation that occurs … Read more
1.1 Hydration of cement Reaction of cement with water. When cement comes in contact with water chemical reaction occur which results in formation of new compound which is responsible for gain of strength and hardening of cement concrete. 1.2 W/C ratio Amount of water required is directly related to amount of cement used in concrete. … Read more
1.1 Use of concrete in structure Concrete: Composite mixture of binder, aggregate, water and sometimes admixture. Commonly used building material. Merit: Ability to cast in any shape Economic Durable Fire and water resistant High strength Demerit: Low tensile strength Low toughness Low curing time Uses: Resistance to weather and fire resistant Strength increases with time … Read more