Nirdesh Singh Karki 
Bisection Method: This method is based on the repeated application of intermediate value property. Let, F(x) be continuous between a and b. Consider, F(a) be negative and F(b) be positive. Then, the first approximation of the root is x1= (a+b)/2 , if F(x1)= 0 then x1 is root of F(x)=0. Otherwise, the root lies between … Read more
Rock Mass Classification Rock mass: The large volume of rock intersected by discontinuities is known as rockmass.The rock mass is heterogeneous in nature due to variation in rock type,discontinuities and degree of weathering.Rock mass = Intact rock + DiscontinuitiesThe discontinuities highly influence the overall strength of rock mass. Strength of rock mass < Intact rock … Read more
SITE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION • For all civil engineering projects like reservoirs, dams, tunnels, roads,bridges, and buildings, a detailed knowledge about the project site isvery necessary. It is essential to investigate the engineering properties ofrock or soil at the site.• Site investigation is defined as the overall evaluation of specific sitecondition which is selected for construction … Read more
Geological Work of Sea Sea ErosionA sea may be defined as the enormously large continuous body of water formed over depressed parts of the earth surface.Deep seas with average depth of more than 4 km are termed as oceans. A sea is thus part of ocean which is closer to continental land Terminology Sea wavesSea … Read more
Various landform on the surface of the earth Mountain Plateaus Shield Mountain• Mountain may be defined as any raised or elevated portion of thelandmass that is higher than the surrounding area.• A long and narrow part of mountain is called Ridge.• Mountains have complex internal structure due to folding, faulting,volcanic activity and igneous intrusion. Mountain … Read more
Hydrogeology The term Hydrogeology (popularly known as Groundwater Hydrology) is branch of geology that deals with comprehensive study the occurrence, distribution, movement, and geological interaction of water in the earth’s crust, especially groundwater. River channel Morphology River channel morphology refers to the channel pattern and channel geometry at several points along a river channel. It … Read more
MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY MINERAL A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually crystalline form(solid) and organic(abiogenic) in origin. There are many varieties of mineral which are found in earth they are identified by observing their physical, chemical, optical and other properties. Mineralogy is the branch of geology which does the details study of various … Read more
Internal Structure of the Earth The interior structure of the Earth, similar to the outer, is layered. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. The earth has an outer silicate solid crust a highly viscous mantle a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and … Read more
Strain energy and Complementary Strain Energy When an elastic member is deformed under the action of an external loading the member is said to have possessed or stored energy which is called strain energy. The strain energy stored by a member so deformed is equal to the amount of work done by the external forces … Read more
Types of structure The types of structure on the basic of materials used as follow: Steel structure Concrete structure Masonry structure Wooden structure Plastic structure Structural Mechanics Structure mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces and motion of structural system. It is the computation of deformations, deflections and of structural system. It … Read more