Water has the most significant effect on the behavior of soil. Gravitational water: Percolates through the soil under gravity Pore water pressure at GWT = 0 Soil above GWT is saturated by capillary action (pore water pressure is tensile and negative = -ϒwh) Above GWT – impervious formation above- local saturation Water occurring at local … Read more
Paint is a fluid, paste or spray prepared by dissolving a base into a vehicle with or without pigment. White Wash Preparation of lime wash: Lime wash shall be prepared from pure fat lime. i.e., fresh stone white lime. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked with water on the spot and stirred to make thin … Read more
Shear Strength of Soils: Shear strength of soil is the resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of soil particles by the action of shear stresses. Shear stresses > Shear Strength, failure takes place Failure may be sinking of footing or movement of a wedge of soil behind a retaining wall forcing it to move … Read more
Concrete Artificially built-up Stone with Cement, Water, Aggregates with or without Admixtures Constituents of Concrete: Aggregates = (60-70) % Water = (7- 15) % Cement = (14-21) % Air = (0 – 3) % Properties of Concrete: Air Content Fluidity Strength Setting Time Durability Types of Concrete: Based on Binding Materials Cement Concrete Lime Concrete … Read more
Properties of Building Materials Physical Properties: Identified by visual observation & Hand tools Chemical Properties: Identified based on the effect of different chemicals Thermal Properties: Effect of Heat Types of Building Materials Stone Stone is the naturally available construction material and is obtained from a quarry, process of extracting stones by excavating, wedging, heating & … Read more
Pre-fabrication Pre-fabrication is the practice of assembling the components of a building other than the building sites, i.e., in the factory or a manufacturing site, and transporting either complete assemble or semi-assembled to the construction site where the structure is located. This method controls the construction cost by economizing the wages, time, and materials. The … Read more
Reinforced concrete structures During the bending of simply supported structures, the upper portion is subjected to compressive stresses, while the lower portion is subjected to tensile stresses. The permissible tensile stress in concrete is about one-tenth of the permissible compressive stress, therefore the tensile stresses in the structure are taken care of by the steel. … Read more
Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge and skills along with experiences and associated with various processes and methods to achieve specific project objectives within agreed parameters and according to project acceptance. It is constrained to a finite time scale and within budget. Project management also involves identifying and managing risks, careful resources … Read more
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In the olden days, Nepal relied heavily on India for the supply of cement as there were no cement manufacturing industry in the country. Nepal’s first state owned cement manufacturing plant, Himal Cement Company Limited was established in 1967 A.D. After the massive earthquake that took place on 12th May … Read more
Formation of Himalaya Shifting of Indian plate Block Diagram of The Himalaya The Nepal Himalaya • The longest division of the Himalaya• Extended about 800 Km• Starts from west at the Mahakali River• Ends at the east by the Tista River Longitudinal Division of Himalayan Range Terai Zone (Gangetic Plain) • Northern Terai(Bhabhar Zone)• Middle … Read more