Reinforced concrete structures During the bending of simply supported structures, the upper portion is subjected to compressive stresses, while the lower portion is subjected to tensile stresses. The permissible tensile stress in concrete is about one-tenth of the permissible compressive stress, therefore the tensile stresses in the structure are taken care of by the steel. … Read more
Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge and skills along with experiences and associated with various processes and methods to achieve specific project objectives within agreed parameters and according to project acceptance. It is constrained to a finite time scale and within budget. Project management also involves identifying and managing risks, careful resources … Read more
Introduction The deformation of soil is a natural and physical phenomenon. Civil Engineering structures built on soils such as buildings, dams, bridges, roads, rails, etc. transmit load over a large area of soil through foundations or substructures. Soil tends to deform with the settlement or fail in shear. Therefore, the resistance to deformation of the … Read more
1.1 Clay Minerals: The geometrical arrangement of soil particle in a soil mass is known as soil structure. The ingredient necessary to give soil deposit cohesion is called clay material. Over 50% of soil deposits whose particle diameter is 0.002 mm or less is called clay. Clay mineral are composed of tiny crystalline substance of … Read more
1.1 Purpose of soil classification: Soil classification is the arrangement of soils into different groups such that the soil in a particular group have similar behavior. Requirement for soil classification It should have a limited number of groups. It should be based on engineering properties. It should be simple. 1.2 Field identification of soil 1. … Read more
1.1 Phase Diagram, basic definition & functional relationship Soil mass consists of solid soil particles containing void space between them. Space between the soil particles is known as void and these void is filled with either air or water or both. The diagrammatic representation of the different phases in a soil mass is called phase … Read more
1.1 Definition of soil and rock Soil are the uncemented aggregate of mineral and decayed organic matter containing liquid and gas in the empty space of solid particles. Types of soil : Residual soil: A soil is said to be residual if it is formed by disintegration of rocks without transportation. Transported soil: A soil … Read more
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In the olden days, Nepal relied heavily on India for the supply of cement as there were no cement manufacturing industry in the country. Nepal’s first state owned cement manufacturing plant, Himal Cement Company Limited was established in 1967 A.D. After the massive earthquake that took place on 12th May … Read more
1)Difference between Electronegativity(EN),Ionization energy(IE) and Electron affinity(EA). Ionization energy Electronegativity Electron affinit IE is defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to produce a cation.Eg: M(g)+IE1 M+ (g)+e – where,M(g) and M+ (g) represent gaseous atom and resultant gaseous cation respectively.2nd ionization energy: … Read more
Total Station and Its Application A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point and … Read more