Basic definition in Contouring: A line joining points of equal elevations is called a contour line. It helps to visualize the relief of ground in two dimensional plane or map. The method of plotting contours in a plan or map is called conturing. A contour line marked by a heavier line weight to distinguish it … Read more
Matrices and properties Importance of linear equations First mathematical models of many of the real world problems are either linear or can beapproximated reasonably well using linear relationships. Analysis of linear relationship of variablesis generally easier than that of non-linear relationships.A linear equation involving two variables x and y has the standard form ππ₯ + … Read more
Introduction Let us consider a set of values (π₯π, π¦π) of a function. The process of computing the derivative orderivatives of that function at some values of x from the given set of values is called NumericalDifferentiation. This may be done by first approximating the function by suitable interpolationformula and then differentiating. Derivatives using Newtonβs … Read more
CORRELATION In many natural systems, changes in one attribute are accompanied by changes in another attribute and that a definite relation exists between the two. In other words, there is a correlation between the two variables. For instance, several soil properties like nitrogen content, organic carbon content or pH are correlated and exhibit simultaneous variation. … Read more
What is an Op-Amp ? Low cost integrating circuit consisting of: Transistors Resistors Capacitors Able to amplify a signal due to an external power supply Name derives from its use to perform operations on a signal. Applications of Op-Amps Adder Subtraction Comparators Multiplication/ Division Integrators Differentiators Analog to Digital Converters Pin configuration of op amp … Read more
INTERPOLATION Introduction The process of estimating intermediate values between given data points is called Interpolation . The most common method used for this purpose is Polynomial Interpolation. Find the functional value for π₯ = 2.5 , i.e. π 2.5 = ? Is this a problem of Interpolation or extrapolation?? π₯ 1 3 4 6 9 … Read more
Principle of Electronic Distance Measurement and Use of EDM: Electronic distance measurement(EDM) is a method of determining the length between two points using electromagnetic waves. EDM is commonly carried out with digital instruments called theodolites. EDM instruments are highly reliable and convenient pieces of surveying equipment and can be used to measure distance of upto … Read more
Probability: The probability theory provides a means of getting an idea of the likelihood of occurrence of different events resulting from a random experiment in terms of quantitative measures ranging between zero and one. The probability is zero for an impossible event and one for an event which is certain to occur. Some terminologies: Random … Read more
Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move in zigzag way. The fluid particle crosses the paths of each other. The Reynolds number (Re) is greater than 4000 then the flow is said to be turbulent. For example: a. Flow in river at the time of … Read more
Introduction TO Bipolar Junction Transistor The transistor is a solid- state device whose operation depends upon the flow of electric charge carries within the solid. A transistor consists of two P-N junctions formed by sandwiching either P-type or N-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. Accordingly, there are two types of transistors, namely: 1. … Read more