Study of rock mass classification system

Rock Mass Classification Rock mass: The large volume of rock intersected by discontinuities is known as rockmass.The rock mass is heterogeneous in nature due to variation in rock type,discontinuities and degree of weathering.Rock mass = Intact rock + DiscontinuitiesThe discontinuities highly influence the overall strength of rock mass. Strength of rock mass < Intact rock … Read more

Site Investigation: Elements of an investigation and Study of topographic, geological maps

SITE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION • For all civil engineering projects like reservoirs, dams, tunnels, roads,bridges, and buildings, a detailed knowledge about the project site isvery necessary. It is essential to investigate the engineering properties ofrock or soil at the site.• Site investigation is defined as the overall evaluation of specific sitecondition which is selected for construction … Read more

Geological Work of Oceans : Section of Sea Basin, Depositional landforms and Erosional landforms

Geological Work of Sea Sea ErosionA sea may be defined as the enormously large continuous body of water formed over depressed parts of the earth surface.Deep seas with average depth of more than 4 km are termed as oceans. A sea is thus part of ocean which is closer to continental land Terminology Sea wavesSea … Read more

Rock slope engineering and earth processes

Various landform on the surface of the earth Mountain Plateaus Shield Mountain• Mountain may be defined as any raised or elevated portion of thelandmass that is higher than the surrounding area.• A long and narrow part of mountain is called Ridge.• Mountains have complex internal structure due to folding, faulting,volcanic activity and igneous intrusion. Mountain … Read more

Hydrogeology: River channel morphology, Ground water movements and Significance of subsurface water movement

Hydrogeology  The term Hydrogeology (popularly known as Groundwater Hydrology) is branch of geology that deals with comprehensive study the occurrence, distribution, movement, and geological interaction of water in the earth’s crust, especially groundwater. River channel Morphology River channel morphology refers to the channel pattern and channel geometry at several points along a river channel. It … Read more

Minerals and Crystals: Crystallographic axes and angle, crystal system, Properties of minerals, Rock forming and their engineering significance

MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY MINERAL A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually crystalline form(solid) and organic(abiogenic) in origin. There are many varieties of mineral which are found in earth they are identified by observing their physical, chemical, optical and other properties.  Mineralogy is the branch of geology which does the details study of various … Read more

Structure of Earth : Plate tectonics and mountain building process, Origin of Himalaya and Geomorphology of Nepal Himalaya

Internal Structure of the Earth  The interior structure of the Earth, similar to the outer, is layered. These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. The earth has an outer silicate solid crust a highly viscous mantle a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and … Read more

Strain Energy Method: due to axial stress, bending, torsion, shear

Strain energy and Complementary Strain Energy When an elastic member is deformed under the action of an external loading the member is said to have possessed or stored energy which is called strain energy. The strain energy stored by a member so deformed is equal to the amount of work done by the external forces … Read more

Structural Mechanics: Types of Structural system, Linearity and Non-Linearity in Structure Analysis

Types of structure The types of structure on the basic of materials used as follow: Steel structure Concrete structure Masonry structure Wooden structure Plastic structure Structural Mechanics Structure mechanics is the branch of mechanics that deals with forces and motion of structural system. It is the computation of deformations, deflections and of structural system. It … Read more

Surveying: Principle, Classification and Unit of Measurement

Definition of surveying: Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of distinctive feature on the surface of the earth or beneath the surface of the earth, by means of measurements of distances, directions and elevations. The branch of surveying which deals with the measurements of relative heights of different points on the surface … Read more