Pre-fabrication: Principles of pre-fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of pre-fabricated buildings

by

Pre-fabrication Pre-fabrication is the practice of assembling the components of a building other than the building sites, i.e., in the factory or a manufacturing site, and transporting either complete assemble or semi-assembled to the construction site where the structure is located. This method controls the construction cost by economizing the wages, time, and materials. The … Read more

Reinforced concrete structures: Working Stress Method & Limit State Method

by
RCC structures: limit State of Design

Reinforced concrete structures During the bending of simply supported structures, the upper portion is subjected to compressive stresses, while the lower portion is subjected to tensile stresses. The permissible tensile stress in concrete is about one-tenth of the permissible compressive stress, therefore the tensile stresses in the structure are taken care of by the steel. … Read more

Project management & marketing ; Network Model: CPM,PERT

by

Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge and skills along with experiences and associated with various processes and methods to achieve specific project objectives within agreed parameters and according to project acceptance. It is constrained to a finite time scale and within budget. Project management also involves identifying and managing risks, careful resources … Read more

Bearing capacity of soils; types of bearing capacity & factors influencing bearing capacity

by

Introduction The deformation of soil is a natural and physical phenomenon. Civil Engineering structures built on soils such as buildings, dams, bridges, roads, rails, etc. transmit load over a large area of soil through foundations or substructures. Soil tends to deform with the settlement or fail in shear. Therefore, the resistance to deformation of the … Read more

Introduction to Clay Minerals: Clay Particle interaction and Soil Structure

by

1.1 Clay Minerals: The geometrical arrangement of soil particle in a soil mass is known as soil structure. The ingredient necessary to give soil deposit cohesion is called clay material. Over 50% of soil deposits whose particle diameter is 0.002 mm or less is called clay. Clay mineral are composed of tiny crystalline substance of … Read more

Soil Identification and it’s Classification: Particle size, Textural, ISCS, USCS, and AASHTHO soil classification system

by

1.1 Purpose of soil classification: Soil classification is the arrangement of soils into different groups such that the soil in a particular group have similar behavior. Requirement for soil classification It should have a limited number of groups. It should be based on engineering properties. It should be simple. 1.2 Field identification of soil 1. … Read more

Solid-Water-Air Relation and Index properties of soil and their determination for coarse and fine grained soil

by

1.1 Phase Diagram, basic definition & functional relationship Soil mass consists of solid soil particles containing void space between them. Space between the soil particles is known as void and these void is filled with either air or water or both. The diagrammatic representation of the different phases in a soil mass is called phase … Read more

Definition of soil mechanics and its importance in civil engineering: Formation process of soil and its major types

by

1.1 Definition of soil and rock Soil are the uncemented aggregate of mineral and decayed organic matter containing liquid and gas in the empty space of solid particles. Types of soil : Residual soil: A soil is said to be residual if it is formed by disintegration of rocks without transportation. Transported soil: A soil … Read more

QUALITY AND COST COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF CEMENT AVAILABLE IN MARKET OF KATHMANDU VALLEY

by

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background  In the olden days, Nepal relied heavily on India for the supply of cement as there were no cement manufacturing industry in the country. Nepal’s first state owned cement manufacturing plant, Himal Cement Company Limited was established in 1967 A.D. After the massive earthquake that took place on 12th May … Read more

Ionic Equilibria and Electro Chemistry : Introduction and types of buffer solutions, Henderson-Hassel Balch equation, Standard electrode potential and electro chemical series

by

1)Difference between Electronegativity(EN),Ionization energy(IE) and Electron affinity(EA). Ionization energy Electronegativity Electron affinit IE is defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to produce a cation.Eg: M(g)+IE1 M+ (g)+e – where,M(g) and M+ (g) represent gaseous atom and resultant gaseous cation respectively.2nd ionization energy: … Read more