1.1 Climate- soil- water- crop (CSWC) relationship: Saturation capacity: Water content of soil when all pores are filled with water. Field capacity: Water content of soil after free drainage has taken place for sufficient period. Gravity water: Rainfall or irrigated water flow down to water table under gravity. Capillary water: Water held by surface tension … Read more
Design of sewer line means finding out the cross section of sewer and the slope at which it is to be laid to transport the estimated quantity of sewage. Unlike pressurized flow in water supply pipelines, top surface of sewage is in contact with atmosphere and the flow type is open channel flow. Important considerations … Read more
Water is the basis of life. All plants and animals require water throughout their lives. In Irrigation Engineering, we are concerned with requirement of water to the plants. Different plants required different quantity of water for their growth and development. Water is naturally available to the plants through rainfall or natural flood. During the times … Read more
Principle of sanitation Sanitary Engineering: It is the branch of public health engineering which deal with the prevention & maintenance of the health of individual & the community. Its studies methodical collection, conveyance, treatment & disposal of waste water to land or water bodies meeting the criteria of pollution load as prescribed by the national … Read more
Water has the most significant effect on the behavior of soil. Gravitational water: Percolates through the soil under gravity Pore water pressure at GWT = 0 Soil above GWT is saturated by capillary action (pore water pressure is tensile and negative = -ϒwh) Above GWT – impervious formation above- local saturation Water occurring at local … Read more
Paint is a fluid, paste or spray prepared by dissolving a base into a vehicle with or without pigment. White Wash Preparation of lime wash: Lime wash shall be prepared from pure fat lime. i.e., fresh stone white lime. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked with water on the spot and stirred to make thin … Read more
Shear Strength of Soils: Shear strength of soil is the resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of soil particles by the action of shear stresses. Shear stresses > Shear Strength, failure takes place Failure may be sinking of footing or movement of a wedge of soil behind a retaining wall forcing it to move … Read more
Concrete Artificially built-up Stone with Cement, Water, Aggregates with or without Admixtures Constituents of Concrete: Aggregates = (60-70) % Water = (7- 15) % Cement = (14-21) % Air = (0 – 3) % Properties of Concrete: Air Content Fluidity Strength Setting Time Durability Types of Concrete: Based on Binding Materials Cement Concrete Lime Concrete … Read more
Properties of Building Materials Physical Properties: Identified by visual observation & Hand tools Chemical Properties: Identified based on the effect of different chemicals Thermal Properties: Effect of Heat Types of Building Materials Stone Stone is the naturally available construction material and is obtained from a quarry, process of extracting stones by excavating, wedging, heating & … Read more
Pre-fabrication Pre-fabrication is the practice of assembling the components of a building other than the building sites, i.e., in the factory or a manufacturing site, and transporting either complete assemble or semi-assembled to the construction site where the structure is located. This method controls the construction cost by economizing the wages, time, and materials. The … Read more