CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In the olden days, Nepal relied heavily on India for the supply of cement as there were no cement manufacturing industry in the country. Nepal’s first state owned cement manufacturing plant, Himal Cement Company Limited was established in 1967 A.D. After the massive earthquake that took place on 12th May … Read more
1)Difference between Electronegativity(EN),Ionization energy(IE) and Electron affinity(EA). Ionization energy Electronegativity Electron affinit IE is defined as the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to produce a cation.Eg: M(g)+IE1 M+ (g)+e – where,M(g) and M+ (g) represent gaseous atom and resultant gaseous cation respectively.2nd ionization energy: … Read more
Total Station and Its Application A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point and … Read more
Cable Cables are slender, flexible members made of a group of high-strength steel wires twisted together mechanically. Steel cables provide the simplest means for supporting loads. Steel cables, which are economically manufactured from high-strength steel wire, have an ultimate tensile strength of approximately 1862 MPa. The wires of cables are formed by drawing the alloyed … Read more
Arches They are very rigid and stable structures which are not considerably affected by movement of their foundations. Arches can be used for large structures made up of materials with negligible tensile strength, such as stones and bricks. Masonry arches of such materials have been used for thousands of years. Types of Arches Arches may … Read more
Moving static loads Structure which is used in bridges, gantry girders, crane beams etc. are subjected to loads which change their position often such loads are called moving static loads. Few standard loads are: Single concentrated load U.D.L greater than the span U.D.L smaller than the span Two concentrated load with specified distance between them … Read more
Population (Universe) Population means aggregate of all possible units under investigation. It need not be human population. It may be population of plants, population of insects, population of fruits, etc. Finite population When the number of observation can be counted and is definite, it is known as finite population. • No. of plants in a … Read more
Introduction Triangulation and Trilateration is a horizontal control survey whose purpose is to determine the position of a number of control points or stations precisely. The basic framework of the control points are the triangles both in the triangulation and trilateration. Triangulation It is the method of providing control points by measuring all the angles … Read more
Many physical phenomena in applied science and engineering when formulated intomathematical models fall into a category of system known as partial differential equations. Apartial differential equation is a differential equation involving more than one in independentvariables.We can write a second order equation involving two independent variables in general form as : Where a,b,c may be … Read more
Differential equations Many of the laws in physics, chemistry, engineering, economics are based on empiricalobservations that describe changes in the state of the system. Mathematical models thatdescribe the state of such system are often expressed in terms of not only certain systemparameters but also their derivatives, such mathematical model which uses differentialcalculus to express relationship … Read more