Planning & Conveyance and distribution systems in groundwater irrigation schemes: Conjunctive use of surface and ground water, components of tube-wells

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Planning & Conveyance and distribution systems in groundwater irrigation schemes

1.1 Exploration and development of groundwater: Exploration of groundwater: Objective is to locate aquifier capable of yielding water of suitable quality, for irrigation, drinking water, agricultural and industrail purpose. Done by geophysical drilling. Methods: 1. Surface exploration: Geological method. Remote sensing. Surface geophysical method. 2. Sub- surface exploration: Test drilling. Geophysical logging. Aquifer: Aquifer is … Read more

River Control & Drainage and Hill Irrigation: Objective of river training and environmental protection measures

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River Control & Drainage and Hill Irrigation

1.1 Effects of water logging and their control: An agricultural land is said to be water logged if productivity gets affected by high water table. Due to high water in root zone, oxygen gets removed and bacteria cannot get enough air to produce sufficient food for plant. Cause: Over irrigation. Seepage of water through canal. … Read more

Method of Irrigation and Planning & Management of Irrigation System: Hydraulics of irrigation distribution

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Method of Irrigation and Planning & Management of Irrigation System

1.1 Different method of irrigation: 1. Free flooding: Ditches are excavated on field and water is allowed to flow across the field with no control mechanics. Suitable for irregular land. Inefficient method of irrigation.  2. Border flooding: Land is divided into a number of strips with the help of low levees. Each strip has 10 … Read more

Soil Moisture and Crop Relation: Command area of irrigation system-GCA,CCA and NCA

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1.1 Climate- soil- water- crop (CSWC) relationship: Saturation capacity: Water content of soil when all pores are filled with water. Field capacity: Water content of soil after free drainage has taken place for sufficient period. Gravity water: Rainfall or irrigated water flow down to water table under gravity. Capillary water: Water held by surface tension … Read more

Design and Construction of Sewer: Hydraulic formula for sewer design and Types of sewer material

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Design of sewer line means finding out the cross section of sewer and the slope at which it is to be laid to transport the estimated quantity of sewage. Unlike pressurized flow in water supply pipelines, top surface of sewage is in contact with atmosphere and the flow type is open channel flow. Important considerations … Read more

Introduction to Irrigation: Classification/types of irrigation system

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Introduction to Irrigation

Water is the basis of life. All plants and animals require water throughout their lives. In Irrigation Engineering, we are concerned with requirement of water to the plants. Different plants required different quantity of water for their growth and development. Water is naturally available to the plants through rainfall or natural flood. During the times … Read more

Introduction to Sanitary Engineering: Historical development of waste water and solid waste management

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Principle of sanitation Sanitary Engineering: It is the branch of public health engineering which deal with the prevention & maintenance of the health of individual & the community. Its studies methodical collection, conveyance, treatment & disposal of waste water to land or water bodies meeting the criteria of pollution load as prescribed by the national … Read more

SOIL MECHANICS: Permeability, Determination of Coefficient of Permeability, Lab Method & Field Method, Confined & Unconfined Aquifer

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Water has the most significant effect on the behavior of soil. Gravitational water: Percolates through the soil under gravity Pore water pressure at GWT = 0 Soil above GWT is saturated by capillary action (pore water pressure is tensile and negative = -ϒwh) Above GWT – impervious formation above- local saturation Water occurring at local … Read more

Paintings: types of paints, specifications for various types of painting, Whitewash, Distemper, Cement Paint, Enamel, Chapra Polish

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Paint is a fluid, paste or spray prepared by dissolving a base into a vehicle with or without pigment. White Wash Preparation of lime wash: Lime wash shall be prepared from pure fat lime. i.e., fresh stone white lime. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked with water on the spot and stirred to make thin … Read more

Shear Strength of Soils

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Shear Strength of Soils: Shear strength of soil is the resistance to deformation by continuous shear displacement of soil particles by the action of shear stresses. Shear stresses > Shear Strength, failure takes place Failure may be sinking of footing or movement of a wedge of soil behind a retaining wall forcing it to move … Read more