Arches They are very rigid and stable structures which are not considerably affected by movement of their foundations. Arches can be used for large structures made up of materials with negligible tensile strength, such as stones and bricks. Masonry arches of such materials have been used for thousands of years. Types of Arches Arches may … Read more
Moving static loads Structure which is used in bridges, gantry girders, crane beams etc. are subjected to loads which change their position often such loads are called moving static loads. Few standard loads are: Single concentrated load U.D.L greater than the span U.D.L smaller than the span Two concentrated load with specified distance between them … Read more
Population (Universe) Population means aggregate of all possible units under investigation. It need not be human population. It may be population of plants, population of insects, population of fruits, etc. Finite population When the number of observation can be counted and is definite, it is known as finite population. β’ No. of plants in a … Read more
Introduction Triangulation and Trilateration is a horizontal control survey whose purpose is to determine the position of a number of control points or stations precisely. The basic framework of the control points are the triangles both in the triangulation and trilateration. Triangulation It is the method of providing control points by measuring all the angles … Read more
Many physical phenomena in applied science and engineering when formulated intomathematical models fall into a category of system known as partial differential equations. Apartial differential equation is a differential equation involving more than one in independentvariables.We can write a second order equation involving two independent variables in general form as : Where a,b,c may be … Read more
Differential equations Many of the laws in physics, chemistry, engineering, economics are based on empiricalobservations that describe changes in the state of the system. Mathematical models thatdescribe the state of such system are often expressed in terms of not only certain systemparameters but also their derivatives, such mathematical model which uses differentialcalculus to express relationship … Read more
Basic definition in Contouring: A line joining points of equal elevations is called a contour line. It helps to visualize the relief of ground in two dimensional plane or map. The method of plotting contours in a plan or map is called conturing. A contour line marked by a heavier line weight to distinguish it … Read more
Matrices and properties Importance of linear equations First mathematical models of many of the real world problems are either linear or can beapproximated reasonably well using linear relationships. Analysis of linear relationship of variablesis generally easier than that of non-linear relationships.A linear equation involving two variables x and y has the standard form ππ₯ + … Read more
Introduction Let us consider a set of values (π₯π, π¦π) of a function. The process of computing the derivative orderivatives of that function at some values of x from the given set of values is called NumericalDifferentiation. This may be done by first approximating the function by suitable interpolationformula and then differentiating. Derivatives using Newtonβs … Read more
CORRELATION In many natural systems, changes in one attribute are accompanied by changes in another attribute and that a definite relation exists between the two. In other words, there is a correlation between the two variables. For instance, several soil properties like nitrogen content, organic carbon content or pH are correlated and exhibit simultaneous variation. … Read more