Er. Nirdesh Singh Karki 
Probability: The probability theory provides a means of getting an idea of the likelihood of occurrence of different events resulting from a random experiment in terms of quantitative measures ranging between zero and one. The probability is zero for an impossible event and one for an event which is certain to occur. Some terminologies: Random … Read more
Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move in zigzag way. The fluid particle crosses the paths of each other. The Reynolds number (Re) is greater than 4000 then the flow is said to be turbulent. For example: a. Flow in river at the time of … Read more
Introduction TO Bipolar Junction Transistor The transistor is a solid- state device whose operation depends upon the flow of electric charge carries within the solid. A transistor consists of two P-N junctions formed by sandwiching either P-type or N-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types. Accordingly, there are two types of transistors, namely: 1. … Read more
Introduction to pipe flow: A pipe is a closed conduit (channel) which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. Pipes are commonly circular in section. The fluid in the pipes are subjected to frictional resistance due to shear stress. Reynolds experiment and flow based on Reynolds number. Reynolds experiment is used to display laminar, transion … Read more
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor Intrinsic conductor An intrinsic semiconductor is one which is made of the semiconductor material in its extremely pure form. A semiconductor is not truly intrinsic unless its impurity content is less than one part in 100 million parts of semiconductor. In an intrinsic semiconductor, even at room temperature, hole electron pairs … Read more
Formation of Himalaya Shifting of Indian plate Block Diagram of The Himalaya The Nepal Himalaya • The longest division of the Himalaya• Extended about 800 Km• Starts from west at the Mahakali River• Ends at the east by the Tista River Longitudinal Division of Himalayan Range Terai Zone (Gangetic Plain) • Northern Terai(Bhabhar Zone)• Middle … Read more
Bisection Method: This method is based on the repeated application of intermediate value property. Let, F(x) be continuous between a and b. Consider, F(a) be negative and F(b) be positive. Then, the first approximation of the root is x1= (a+b)/2 , if F(x1)= 0 then x1 is root of F(x)=0. Otherwise, the root lies between … Read more
Rock Mass Classification Rock mass: The large volume of rock intersected by discontinuities is known as rockmass.The rock mass is heterogeneous in nature due to variation in rock type,discontinuities and degree of weathering.Rock mass = Intact rock + DiscontinuitiesThe discontinuities highly influence the overall strength of rock mass. Strength of rock mass < Intact rock … Read more
SITE INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION • For all civil engineering projects like reservoirs, dams, tunnels, roads,bridges, and buildings, a detailed knowledge about the project site isvery necessary. It is essential to investigate the engineering properties ofrock or soil at the site.• Site investigation is defined as the overall evaluation of specific sitecondition which is selected for construction … Read more
Geological Work of Sea Sea ErosionA sea may be defined as the enormously large continuous body of water formed over depressed parts of the earth surface.Deep seas with average depth of more than 4 km are termed as oceans. A sea is thus part of ocean which is closer to continental land Terminology Sea wavesSea … Read more