1.1 Hydration of cement Reaction of cement with water. When cement comes in contact with water chemical reaction occur which results in formation of new compound which is responsible for gain of strength and hardening of cement concrete. 1.2 W/C ratio Amount of water required is directly related to amount of cement used in concrete. … Read more
1.1 Use of concrete in structure Concrete: Composite mixture of binder, aggregate, water and sometimes admixture. Commonly used building material. Merit: Ability to cast in any shape Economic Durable Fire and water resistant High strength Demerit: Low tensile strength Low toughness Low curing time Uses: Resistance to weather and fire resistant Strength increases with time … Read more
1.1 Constituents of waste water: Waste water is the dilute mixture of various waste from residential areas, commercial, industrial and other public place. Before treatment and disposal it is essential to know it’s composition, quality and characteristics. Contains organic, inorganic matter and living organism. Physical constituents/impurities: grit, ash, sand, dirt etc.. They affect physical characteristics … Read more
1.1 Introduction to source and type of waste water: Quality of waste water or sewage must be known to design of sewer. Underestimate of waste water quantity may cause overflow on the street and unsanitary condition will be created. Overestimate of waste water quantity may cause uneconomical section and self-cleansing velocity may not be calculate. … Read more
1.1 Head work: Head work is constructed at the head of canal to divert the river water towards canal. Types: 1. Storage head work: Headwork capable of seasonal regulation of water. Dam is constructed to use during time of deficit. 2. Diversion headwork: Headwork can regulate water daily, weekly or monthly. Consist of weir or … Read more
1.1 Components of surface gravity irrigation system: 1. Head work: Consist of all the works to store, divert and control river water and regulate supplies into canal. 2. Canal network: a. Main canal: Large capacity canal which supplies water to branch canals and the major distributaries. b. Branch canal: Supply water to major and minor … Read more
1.1 Exploration and development of groundwater: Exploration of groundwater: Objective is to locate aquifier capable of yielding water of suitable quality, for irrigation, drinking water, agricultural and industrail purpose. Done by geophysical drilling. Methods: 1. Surface exploration: Geological method. Remote sensing. Surface geophysical method. 2. Sub- surface exploration: Test drilling. Geophysical logging. Aquifer: Aquifer is … Read more
1.1 Effects of water logging and their control: An agricultural land is said to be water logged if productivity gets affected by high water table. Due to high water in root zone, oxygen gets removed and bacteria cannot get enough air to produce sufficient food for plant. Cause: Over irrigation. Seepage of water through canal. … Read more
1.1 Different method of irrigation: 1. Free flooding: Ditches are excavated on field and water is allowed to flow across the field with no control mechanics. Suitable for irregular land. Inefficient method of irrigation. 2. Border flooding: Land is divided into a number of strips with the help of low levees. Each strip has 10 … Read more
1.1 Climate- soil- water- crop (CSWC) relationship: Saturation capacity: Water content of soil when all pores are filled with water. Field capacity: Water content of soil after free drainage has taken place for sufficient period. Gravity water: Rainfall or irrigated water flow down to water table under gravity. Capillary water: Water held by surface tension … Read more